Power supply systems and methods

ABSTRACT

One aspect includes power supply systems. The system includes an error amplifier system configured to generate an error voltage based on a feedback voltage of the power supply system relative to a reference voltage. The system also includes a PWM generator comprising a comparator configured to generate a PWM signal based on the error voltage and a ramp signal. The system further includes a power stage configured to generate the output voltage based on the PWM signal, the power stage comprising a transconductance amplifier configured to generate a temperature-compensated sense current associated with a magnitude of an output current associated with power stage. The ramp signal being generated based on the temperature-compensated sense current.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/584,514, filed 13 Aug. 2012, which is incorporated herein inits entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits, andspecifically to power supply systems and methods.

BACKGROUND

There is an ever increasing demand for power conversion and regulationcircuitry to operate with increased efficiency. One such type ofregulator circuit is known as a switching regulator or switching powersupply. A switching power supply controls the flow of power to a load bycontrolling the “on” and “off” duty-ratio of one or more transistorswitches coupled to the load. One such way of controlling the “on” and“off” time of the one or more transistor switches is to generate apulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal, such that the “on” and “off” time ofthe one or more transistor switches is determined by relativepulse-widths of the PWM signal. Switching power supplies have beenimplemented as an efficient mechanism for providing a regulated output.Many different classes of switching power supplies exist today. Inaddition, multiple power supplies can be incorporated together, such asto provide point-of-load (POL) power to a variety of loads or toprovided redundancy in generating an output voltage.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the present invention includes a power supply system. Thesystem includes an error amplifier system configured to generate anerror voltage based on a feedback voltage associated with an outputvoltage of the power supply system relative to a reference voltage. Thesystem also includes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator configuredto generate a PWM signal based on the error voltage. The system alsoincludes a power stage configured to generate the output voltage basedon the PWM signal. The system further includes an output voltage tuningcircuit configured to set a desired magnitude of the output voltage inresponse to at least one digital signal, the at least one digital signalbeing configured to set a magnitude of the reference voltage and toadjust a magnitude of the feedback voltage.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes a power supplysystem. The system includes an oscillator system configured to generatea clock signal at a clock node. The oscillator system includes acapacitor that is configured to be repeatedly charged and dischargedbased on a state of the clock signal and a comparator configured tocompare a first voltage associated with the capacitor at a firstcomparator node and a second voltage at a second comparator node. Thesecond voltage can have a magnitude that changes based on the state ofthe clock signal. The system also includes a PWM generator configured togenerate a PWM signal based on an error voltage and the clock signal.The system further includes a power stage configured to generate anoutput voltage based on the PWM signal.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes a power supplysystem. The system includes an error amplifier system configured togenerate an error voltage based on a feedback voltage of the powersupply system relative to a reference voltage. The system also includesa PWM generator comprising a comparator configured to generate a PWMsignal based on the error voltage and a ramp signal. The system furtherincludes a power stage configured to generate the output voltage basedon the PWM signal, the power stage comprising a transconductanceamplifier configured to generate a temperature-compensated sense currentassociated with a magnitude of an output current associated with powerstage. The ramp signal being generated based on thetemperature-compensated sense current.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method forgenerating a clock signal via an oscillator system. The method includesproviding a charging current via a first current path that interconnectsa first comparison node and a clock node associated with the clocksignal during a logic-high state of the clock signal and charging acapacitor via the charging current to generate a first comparisonvoltage at the first comparison node. The method also includes settingthe clock signal to a logic-low state in response to the firstcomparison voltage being greater than the second comparison voltage andactivating a discharge switch in response to the logic-low state of theclock signal to provide a second current path. The method furtherincludes discharging the capacitor via the first current path and thesecond current path during the logic-low state of the clock signal andsetting the clock signal to the logic-high state and deactivating thedischarge switch in response to the second comparison voltage beinggreater than the first comparison voltage.

Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method forgenerating an output voltage via a power supply system. The methodincludes setting a magnitude of a reference voltage based on a value ofat least one digital signal and adjusting a scale factor of a feedbackvoltage that is associated with the output voltage based on the at leastone digital signal and generating an error voltage based on a magnitudeof the feedback voltage associated with the output voltage relative tothe reference voltage. The method further includes generating a PWMsignal based on the error voltage and a clock signal and controlling atleast one switch based on the PWM signal to generate the output voltage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a power supply system in accordancewith an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an oscillator system in accordance withan aspect of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a timing diagram in accordance with anaspect of the invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a power supply circuit in accordancewith an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a power stage in accordance with anaspect of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a method for generating a clock signalvia an oscillator system in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a method for generating an outputvoltage via a power supply system in accordance with an aspect of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits, andspecifically to power supply systems and methods. A power supply systemcan include an error amplifier system that can generate an error voltagebased on a magnitude of a feedback voltage associated with an outputvoltage relative to a reference voltage. The power supply system canalso include a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator that can generatea PWM signal based on the error voltage and a clock signal that can begenerated by an oscillator system. The system can further include apower stage that can generate the output voltage based on the PWMsignal. As an example, the power stage can include at least one switchthat is controlled based on a duty-cycle of the PWM signal to generatean output current through an inductor, such that the output voltage canbe generated based on the output current.

As an example, the power stage can include a transconductance amplifierconfigured to generate a temperature-compensated sense currentassociated with a magnitude of the output current. Thetemperature-compensated sense current can be combined with a rampvoltage that can be generated based on the clock signal to generate aramp signal. The PWM signal can thus be generated based on a comparisonof the ramp signal with the error voltage. As described herein, the term“temperature-compensated” can refer to a magnitude of the sense currentthat is substantially insensitive to temperature variations, such thatthe temperature-compensated sense current can provide an indication ofthe magnitude of output current substantially independently oftemperature variations.

As another example, the system can also include an output voltage tuningcircuit that is configured to set a desired magnitude of the outputvoltage in response to at least one digital signal to adjust a magnitudeof the reference voltage and the feedback voltage. For example, the atleast one digital signal can include a first digital signal that isprovided to a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that is configuredto generate the reference voltage based on the value of the firstdigital signal. The at least one digital signal can also include asecond digital signal that is provided to a second DAC that isconfigured to generate a fine adjust voltage based on the value of thesecond digital signal. The power stage can include a voltage dividerconfigured to generate the feedback voltage, and can include at leastone variable resistor. The fine adjust voltage can thus be provided tothe at least one variable resistor to adjust the magnitude of thefeedback voltage by adjusting the scale factor (i.e., proportionality)of the feedback voltage with respect to the output voltage.

The system can further include an oscillator system that generates theclock signal based on repeatedly charging and discharging a capacitorbased on the clock signal. The oscillator system also includes acomparator that compares the capacitor voltage and a second voltagehaving a magnitude that changes based on the state of the clock signal.The capacitor can be charged via a first current path that interconnectsa clock node on which the clock signal is generated and a firstcomparison node. The capacitor can be discharged via a switch that isactivated at a logic-low state of the clock signal. Therefore, thecapacitor can be discharged via both the first current path and a secondcurrent path that is provided through the switch during a logic-highstate of the clock signal.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a power supply system 10 in accordancewith an aspect of the invention. The power supply system 10 can beimplemented in any of a variety of applications, such as for portableconsumer devices, industrial applications, or for use in extremetemperature applications, such as part of a satellite payload or controlsystem. For example, the power supply system 10 can be implemented as abackward compatible retrofit for existing analog-controlled power supplysystem designs, such as being implemented as an integrated circuit (IC)that can replace an on-board analog point-of-load (POL) power supplycontroller. The power supply system 10 is configured to generate anoutput voltage V_(OUT). As an example, the power supply system 10 can beone of a plurality of power supplies, such as described in co-pendingapplication Ser. No. 13/584,537, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

The power supply 10 includes an oscillator system 12, an error amplifiersystem 14, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator 16, and a powerstage 18. The oscillator system 12 is configured to generate a clocksignal CLK, which can be a digital pulse having a predefined frequency.The error amplifier system 14 is configured to generate an error voltageV_(ERR) based on a reference voltage V_(REF). The error amplifier system14 can be configured to generate the error voltage V_(ERR) based on adifference between the reference voltage V_(REF) and a feedback voltageV_(FB) associated with the output voltage V_(OUT) provided from thepower stage 18. In the example of FIG. 1, the power stage 18 includes avoltage divider 20 that is configured to generate the feedback voltageV_(FB) to have a magnitude that is proportional to the output voltageV_(OUT), such as by a scale factor that is less than one. Therefore, theerror voltage V_(ERR) can have a magnitude that corresponds to adifference between the output voltage V_(OUT) and a desired magnitude ofthe output voltage V_(OUT).

The clock signal CLK and the error voltage V_(ERR) are each provided tothe PWM generator 16. The PWM generator 16 can thus generate a switchingsignal PWM based on the clock signal CLK and the error voltage V_(ERR).For example, the PWM generator 16 can include a comparator configured tocompare the error voltage V_(ERR) with a ramp signal associated with theclock signal CLK to generate the switching signal PWM having aduty-cycle that is proportional with the magnitude of the error voltageV_(ERR). The switching signal PWM can thus be provided to the powerstage 18 for control of one or more switches based on a duty-cycle ofthe switching signal PWM for generation of the output voltage V_(OUT).The output voltage V_(OUT) can thus provide power for a load, which caninclude any of a variety of devices in an associated computer system.

In the example of FIG. 1, the power supply system 10 also includes anoutput voltage tuning circuit 22 that is configured to control amagnitude of the output voltage V_(OUT). The output voltage tuningcircuit 22 comprises a first digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 24 and asecond DAC 26. The first DAC 24 is configured to generate the referencevoltage V_(REF) in response to a value of a first digital signalDIG_CRS. For example, the first digital signal DIG_CRS can be amulti-bit digital signal having a value that corresponds to anapproximate magnitude of the reference voltage V_(REF), such that thefirst digital signal DIG_CRS can correspond to a coarse adjustment tothe magnitude of the output voltage V_(OUT). For example, the referencevoltage V_(REF) can have a substantially wide range of differentmagnitudes at each increment of the digital signal DIG_CRS, such that,based on the scale factor between the feedback voltage V_(FB) and theoutput voltage V_(OUT), each increment of the reference voltage V_(REF)can have a relatively larger resultant effect on the output voltageV_(OUT).

In a similar manner, the second DAC 26 is configured to generate a fineadjust voltage V_(FIN) in response to a value of a second digital signalDIG_FIN. In the example of FIG. 1, the fine adjust voltage V_(FIN) isprovided to the voltage divider 20 in the power stage 18. As an example,the voltage divider 20 can include at least one variable resistor, suchthat the fine adjust voltage V_(FIN) can be provided to the at least onevariable resistor to set a resistance value of the at least one variableresistor. For example, the second digital signal DIG_FIN can thus be amulti-bit digital signal having a value that corresponds to anapproximate magnitude of the scale factor between the feedback voltageV_(FB) and the output voltage V_(OUT), such that the second digitalsignal DIG_FIN can correspond to a fine adjustment to the magnitude ofthe output voltage V_(OUT). For example, the feedback voltage V_(FB) canhave a relatively small impact on the resistance of the at least onevariable resistor in the voltage divider 20, such that each increment ofthe fine adjust voltage V_(FIN) can have a relatively smaller resultanteffect on the output voltage V_(OUT). While the output voltage tuningcircuit 22 is demonstrated in the example of FIG. 1 as including theDACs 24 and 26, it is to be understood that the output voltage tuningcircuit 22 could instead receive one or more analog voltage signals thatare either converted or passed directly to the error amplifier system 14and the voltage divider 20, respectively, for coarse and fine adjustmentof the output voltage V_(OUT).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an oscillator system 50 in accordancewith an aspect of the invention. The oscillator system 50 can correspondto the oscillator system 12 in the example of FIG. 1. Therefore,reference is to be made to the example of FIG. 1 in the followingdescription of the example of FIG. 2. As an example, the oscillatorsystem 50 can be incorporated into an integrated circuit (IC).

The oscillator system 50 includes a comparator 52 that is configured togenerate the clock signal CLK at a clock node 54 corresponding to anoutput of the comparator 52. The clock signal CLK can thus correspond toa digital pulse based on a relative magnitude of the voltage at each ofan inverting input and a non-inverting input of the comparator 52. Inthe example of FIG. 2, the comparator 52 compares a first comparisonvoltage V_(OSC+) at a non-inverting input and a second comparisonvoltage V_(OSC−) at an inverting input. Therefore, the clock signal CLKhas a logic-high state in response to the first comparison voltageV_(OSC+) being greater than the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−), andthe clock signal CLK has a logic-low state in response to the secondcomparison voltage V_(OSC−) being greater than the first comparisonvoltage V_(OSC+).

In the example of FIG. 2, the oscillator system 50 is powered by aninput voltage V_(IN), which can be a variety of DC power voltagemagnitudes (e.g., 12 volts). The input voltage V_(IN) is voltage-dividedby a resistor R₁ interconnecting the input voltage V_(IN) and anintermediate node 56 and a resistor R₂ interconnecting the intermediatenode 56 and a low voltage rail, demonstrated in the example of FIG. 2 asground. A resistor R₃ interconnects the intermediate node 56 and thenon-inverting input of the comparator 52. Therefore, the firstcomparison voltage V_(OSC+) has a magnitude at the logic-high state ofthe clock signal CLK that is based on the magnitude of the input voltageV_(IN) and the resistance of the resistors R₁, R₂, and R₃. However, theoscillator system 50 also includes a first feedback current path thatincludes a resistor R₄ interconnecting the clock node 54 and thenon-inverting input of the comparator 52. Therefore, upon the secondcomparison voltage V_(OSC−) being greater than the first comparisonvoltage V_(OSC+), the output of the comparator 52 is configured to sinkcurrent from the clock node 54 through the first feedback current pathvia the resistor R₄ to maintain the logic-low state of the clock signalCLK. Accordingly, the magnitude of the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+)is substantially reduced during the logic-low state of the clock signalCLK.

The oscillator system 50 also includes an inverter 58 that is configuredto invert the clock signal CLK to generate a signal CLK′. The signalCLK′ is provided to a base of a transistor Q₁, demonstrated in theexample of FIG. 2 as an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT), via aresistor R₅ to control activation of the transistor Q₁. The transistorQ₁ is coupled to ground at the emitter and coupled to a resistor R₆ thatinterconnects the inverting input of the comparator 52 and the collectorof the transistor Q₁. In addition, the oscillator system 50 includes acapacitor C_(EXT) that interconnects the inverting input of thecomparator 52 and ground, and a second feedback current path thatincludes a resistor R₇ that interconnects the clock node 54 and theinverting input of the comparator 52. Furthermore, the oscillator system50 includes a resistor R₈ that interconnects the input voltage V_(IN)and the clock node 54.

In the example of FIG. 2, when the comparator 52 provides the clocksignal CLK at a logic-high state, the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+)has a substantially higher magnitude, as described previously. Inaddition, the signal CLK′ has a logic-low state, such that thetransistor Q₁ is deactivated. Thus, during the logic-high state of theclock signal CLK, the capacitor C_(EXT) is charged via a current pathfrom the input voltage V_(IN), through the resistor R₈, and through thesecond feedback path via the resistor R₇. As a result, the rate at whichthe capacitor C_(EXT) is charged depends on the resistance values of theresistors R₈ and R₇, as well as the capacitance value of the capacitorC_(EXT). As the capacitor C_(EXT) charges, the magnitude of the secondcomparison voltage V_(OSC−) begins to increase.

Upon the magnitude of the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) increasingto a magnitude that is greater than the first comparison voltageV_(OSC+), the comparator 52 switches the clock signal CLK to thelogic-low state. In response, the signal CLK′ switches to a logic-highstate via the inverter 58, which activates the transistor Q₁ via theresistor R₅. Therefore, the capacitor C_(EXT) begins to discharge viatwo separate current paths. In the example of FIG. 2, the first currentpath is from the capacitor C_(EXT) through the resistor R₆ and theactivated transistor Q₁ to ground, and the second current path is fromthe capacitor C_(EXT) through the second feedback path via the resistorR₇ to the clock node 54 to the output of the comparator 52 which sinkscurrent during the logic-low state of the clock signal CLK, as describedpreviously. Therefore, the rate at which the capacitor C_(EXT)discharges depends on the resistance values of the resistors R₆ and R₇,as well as the capacitance value of the capacitor C_(EXT). Accordingly,because the capacitor C_(EXT) discharges via two current paths (e.g.,the resistors R₆ and R₇), the capacitor C_(EXT) can discharge morerapidly during the logic-low state of the clock signal CLK than itcharges via the single current path (e.g., the resistor R₇). As a resultof the discharging of the capacitor C_(EXT), the second comparisonvoltage V_(OSC−) begins to decrease. As described previously, the firstcomparison voltage V_(OSC+) decreases during the logic-low state of theclock signal CLK. Accordingly, upon the magnitude of the secondcomparison voltage V_(OSC−) decreasing to a magnitude that is less thanthe first comparison voltage V_(OSC+), the comparator 52 switches theclock signal CLK back to the logic-high state.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a timing diagram 100 in accordance withan aspect of the invention. The timing diagram 100 can correspond tooperation of the oscillator system 50 in the example of FIG. 2. Thetiming diagram 100 includes the clock signal CLK, the signal CLK′, thefirst comparison voltage V_(OSC+), and the second comparison voltageV_(OSC−). Therefore, reference is to be made to the example of FIG. 2 inthe following description of the example of FIG. 3.

At a time T₀, the clock signal CLK has a logic-high state. Therefore,the signal CLK′ has a logic-low state via the inverter 58, whichdeactivates the transistor Q₁, the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+) hasa relatively larger magnitude, demonstrated in the example of FIG. 3 asa voltage V₁, and the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) begins toincrease based on being charged via the single charging current pathfrom the input voltage V_(IN) through the resistors R₈ and R₇. At a timeT₁, the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) increases to a magnitude thatis greater than the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+) (e.g., greaterthan the voltage V₁). In response, the comparator 52 switches the clocksignal to a logic-low state. Therefore, the signal CLK′ switches to alogic-high state via the inverter 58, which activates the transistor Q₁via the resistor R₅. In addition, the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+)decreases to a relatively smaller magnitude, demonstrated in the exampleof FIG. 3 as a voltage V₂, based on current sinking into the output ofthe comparator 52 through the first feedback current path via theresistor R₄. The second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) thus begins todecrease based on the discharging of the capacitor C_(EXT) through thefirst discharging current path through the resistor R₆ and thetransistor Q₁ and the second discharging current path through the secondfeedback current path via the resistor R₇ and into the output of thecomparator 52.

Because the capacitor C_(EXT) is charged via a single charging currentpath and is discharged via two separate current paths, the capacitorC_(EXT) can discharge at a more rapid rate than it charges. Accordingly,as demonstrated in the example of FIG. 3, the second comparison voltageV_(OSC−) increases at a substantially slower rate than it decreases. Asa result, the clock signal CLK has a duty-cycle that is substantiallygreater than 50%. At a time T₂, the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−)decreases to a magnitude that is less than the first comparison voltageV_(OSC+). In response, the comparator 52 switches the clock signal CLKback to the logic-high state. Therefore, the first comparison voltageV_(OSC+) increases back to the substantially higher magnitude, and thesecond comparison voltage V_(OSC−) begins to slowly increase based onthe charging of the capacitor C_(EXT) via the single current path,similar to as described previously. At a time T₃, the second comparisonvoltage V_(OSC−) increases to a magnitude that is greater than the firstcomparison voltage V_(OSC+) again. In response, the comparator 52switches the clock signal CLK back to the logic-low state. Therefore,the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+) decreases back to thesubstantially lower magnitude, and the second comparison voltageV_(OSC−) begins to more rapidly slowly decrease based on the dischargingof the capacitor C_(EXT) through the two current paths, similar to asdescribed previously.

It is to be understood that the timing diagram 100 is not limited to theexample of FIG. 3. For example, the timing diagram 100 is demonstratedin the example of FIG. 3 as an ideal timing diagram, and thus it is tobe understood that the magnitudes of the clock signal CLK, the signalCLK′, the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+), and the second comparisonvoltage V_(OSC−) may not be linear. As an example, in the timing diagram100, at each transition of the clock signal CLK and the signal CLK′, thevoltages V_(OSC+) and V_(OSC−) are demonstrated as equal, but it is tobe understood that the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) may beslightly greater than the first comparison voltage V_(OSC+) at the timesT₁ and T₃ and may be slightly less than the first comparison voltageV_(OSC−) at the time T₂. In addition, the transitions of the firstcomparison voltage V_(OSC+), as well as the clock signal CLK and thesignal CLK′, may be asymptotic and may include dead-times, as opposed tosubstantially instantaneous as demonstrated in the example of FIG. 3,and may include slight delays relative to each other.

Referring back to the example of FIG. 3, as described previously, theoscillator system 50 can be configured to be included as part of orentirely as an IC. Therefore, the resistors R₁ through R₈ can beintegral to the circuit design of the oscillator system 50, and thus canbe static in value. However, because of the characteristics of theoscillator system 50 to charge the capacitor C_(EXT) via a singlecurrent path and to discharge the capacitor C_(EXT) via two currentpaths, and because the comparator 52 compares the second comparisonvoltage V_(OSC−) to a dynamic magnitude of the first comparison voltageV_(OSC+), the oscillator system 50 can have a frequency that is tunablebased solely on the capacitance value of the capacitor C_(EXT).Therefore, the capacitor C_(EXT) can be configured as an externalcapacitor that can be interchangeable to set a frequency of the clocksignal CLK to a desired value. In other words, because the rates of bothincrease and decrease of the second comparison voltage V_(OSC−) arebased on the capacitance value of the capacitor C_(EXT), the frequencyof the clock signal CLK can be tuned absent additional circuitcomponents beyond the capacitor C_(EXT), as opposed to typicaloscillator systems that also implement frequency tuning based on anexternal resistor that sets a magnitude of a charging current of anexternal capacitor. Accordingly, the oscillator system 50 can implementsingle-capacitor frequency setting, as opposed to typical oscillatorsystems that may require additional circuit components for setting thefrequency. For example, typical frequency tuning implementations canutilize frequency tuning based on a product of an external resistanceand an external capacitance, and a dead-time setting based on a ratio ofthe external resistance over the external capacitance. Therefore, theoscillator system 50 includes only a single capacitor, the externalcapacitor C_(EXT), to utilize a much more simple and adaptableimplementation that is less expensive and occupies less space.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a power supply circuit 150 inaccordance with an aspect of the invention. The power supply circuit 150includes an error amplifier system 152 and a PWM generator 154. Thepower supply circuit 150 can correspond to the power supply system 10,such that the error amplifier system 152 can correspond to the erroramplifier system 14 and the PWM generator 154 can correspond to the PWMgenerator 16 in the example of FIG. 1. Therefore, reference is to bemade to the example of FIG. 1 in the following description of theexample of FIG. 4.

The error amplifier system 152 includes an error amplifier 156. Theerror amplifier 156 is configured to compare the reference voltageV_(REF) with the feedback voltage V_(FB) and to provide an error voltageV_(ERR) having a magnitude that is based on a difference between thereference voltage V_(REF) and the feedback voltage V_(FB). As anexample, the feedback voltage V_(FB) can have a magnitude that isproportional to the output voltage V_(OUT) of the power supply system10. The error voltage V_(ERR) thus has a magnitude that is based on thedifference between the reference voltage V_(REF) and the feedbackvoltage V_(FB) for maintaining the magnitude of the output voltageV_(OUT) at a predetermined magnitude, as described in greater detailherein. In addition, it is to be understood that the error amplifiersystem 152 can include additional circuit components, such as one ormore compensation circuit components interconnecting the error voltageV_(ERR) and the feedback voltage V_(FB), such as to act as a low-passfilter for the error voltage V_(ERR).

As described previously in the example of FIG. 1, the magnitudes of thereference voltage V_(REF) and the feedback voltage V_(FB) can be basedon at least one digital signal for coarse and fine adjustment of theoutput voltage V_(OUT). For example, the reference voltage V_(REF) canbe generated by the first DAC 24 based on a first digital signalDIG_CRS. As another example, the feedback voltage V_(FB) can begenerated by the voltage divider 20, which can include at least variableresistor having a resistance that is set based on the fine adjustvoltage V_(FIN) that is generated by the second DAC 26 based on a seconddigital signal DIG_FIN. Accordingly, the error amplifier system 152 cangenerate the error voltage V_(ERR) based on comparing the coarse andfine settings of the reference voltage V_(REF) and the feedback voltageV_(FB) to maintain a substantially desirable magnitude of the outputvoltage V_(OUT).

The error voltage V_(ERR) can be provided to a comparison node 158 inthe PWM generator 54 that is separated from a low voltage rail,demonstrated in the example of FIG. 4 as ground, by a resistor R_(ERR).The PWM generator 154 includes a comparator 160 configured to comparethe error voltage V_(ERR) and a ramp signal, demonstrated in the exampleof FIG. 4 as a voltage V_(CMP). In the example of FIG. 4, the PWMgenerator 154 includes a ramp generator 162 that is configured togenerate a ramp voltage V_(RMP) based on the clock signal CLK. The PWMgenerator 154 also receives a sense current I_(SNS) that can correspondto a magnitude of the output current of the power stage 18, as describedin greater detail herein. Therefore, the ramp signal V_(CMP) can be asignal that is a sum of currents of the ramp voltage V_(RMP) across aresistor R_(RMP) and of the sense current I_(SNS) (i.e., through aresistor R_(SCUR)). The PWM generator 154 can thus generate a digitalswitching signal PWM having a duty-cycle that is based on the magnitudeof the error voltage V_(ERR) relative to the sense current I_(SNS).

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a power stage 200 in accordance with anaspect of the invention. The power stage 200 can correspond to the powerstage 18 in the example of FIG. 1. Therefore, reference is to be made tothe example of FIGS. 1 and 4 in the following description of the exampleof FIG. 5.

The power stage 200 includes a gate driver 202. The gate driver 202 isconfigured to generate switching signals SW₁ and SW₂ in response to theswitching signal PWM, such as provided from the PWM generator 154 in theexample of FIG. 4. The switching signals SW₁ and SW₂ are provided torespective transistors N₁ and N₂. The transistor N₁ interconnects aninput voltage V_(IN) and a switching node 204 and the transistor N₂interconnects the switching node 204 with a low voltage rail,demonstrated in the example of FIG. 5 as ground. The power stage 200also includes an inductor L_(OUT) coupled in series with a resistorR_(OUT) that collectively interconnect the switching node 204 and anoutput 206 on which the output voltage V_(OUT) is provided, and furtherincludes an output capacitor C_(OUT) interconnecting the output 206 andthe low voltage rail. Therefore, the power stage 200 in the example ofFIG. 5 is configured as a buck-converter that generates the outputvoltage V_(OUT) based on alternate switching of the transistors N₁ andN₂ to generate an output current I_(OUT) through the inductor L_(OUT)and the capacitor C_(OUT).

In addition, the power stage 200 includes a voltage divider 208 thatincludes a variable resistor R_(VAR) interconnecting the output 206 andan intermediate node and a static resistor R₉ interconnecting theintermediate node and ground. The voltage divider 208 is configured togenerate the feedback voltage V_(FB), such that the feedback voltageV_(FB) has a magnitude that is proportional to the output voltageV_(OUT). The feedback voltage V_(FB) can thus be provided to the erroramplifier system, such as the error amplifier system 14 or the erroramplifier system 152 in the examples of FIGS. 1 and 4, respectively. Inthe example of FIG. 5, the variable resistor R_(VAR) has a resistancemagnitude that is set based on the fine adjust voltage V_(FIN), whichcan be the fine adjust voltage V_(FIN) generated by the second DAC 26based on the digital signal DIG_FIN in the example of FIG. 1. Therefore,the digital signal DIG_FIN can have a value that is selected to change aproportionality of the feedback voltage V_(FB) with respect to theoutput voltage V_(OUT). Accordingly, the magnitude of the feedbackvoltage V_(FB) can be adjusted by the digital signal DIG_FIN to makefine adjustments to the desired magnitude of the output voltage V_(OUT).

The power stage 200 also includes a transconductance amplifier 210 thatis configured to measure the output current I_(OUT) to generate thesense current I_(SNS). In the example of FIG. 5, the transconductanceamplifier 210 has a pair of inputs that are coupled across a capacitorC_(SNS) that is coupled to the output 206 and to a resistor R₁₀ that iscoupled to the switching node 204. Thus, the transconductance amplifier210 is configured to generate a sense current I_(SNS) at an output node212 based on a magnitude of a voltage V_(C) across the capacitorC_(SNS), with the magnitude of the voltage V_(C) corresponding to themagnitude of the output current I_(OUT). The sense current I_(SNS) canthus be provided to PWM generator 154, as demonstrated in the example ofFIG. 4, to generate the ramp signal V_(CMP), such that the ramp signalV_(CMP) has a magnitude that is based on the output current I_(OUT).

In the example of FIG. 5, a resistor R_(GAIN) interconnects the outputnode 212 from a low voltage rail, demonstrated in the example of FIG. 5as ground. The resistor R_(GAIN) is thus a ground-referenced resistorthat can have a resistance value that can be implemented to set acurrent sense level of the power stage 200. As an example, a voltageV_(SNS) at the output 212 can have a magnitude as follows:V _(SNS) =I _(OUT) *R _(OUT) *GM*R _(GAIN)  Equation 1

-   -   Where: GM is a transconductance value of the transconductance        amplifier 210.        Thus, the current sense level (i.e., the sense voltage V_(SNS))        can be set based on a single resistor, the resistor R_(GAIN). In        addition, because the resistor R_(GAIN) is ground-referenced,        noise sensitivity, and thus accuracy, of the power stage 200 can        be substantially improved relative to typical power stages.        Furthermore, the sense current I_(SNS) output from the        transconductance amplifier 210 flows through the resistor        R_(GAIN) in an adaptive manner, such that the digital control of        the power stage 200 can be provided in a self adaptable and        reconfigurable manner.

By implementing the transconductance amplifier 210, the measuredmagnitude of the output current I_(OUT) can be substantially independentof temperature variation. For example, typical power stages canimplement measuring a voltage across a sense resistor to determineoutput current of the power stage. However, such a configuration issubject to error based on temperature variations, and can be subject toadditional power loss based on the portion of the current flow throughthe sense resistor. By implementing the transconductance amplifier 210in the power stage 200, the measurement of the output current can betemperature compensated for operation of the power supply system 10 inextreme environments, such as space, for generating a more precisemagnitude of the output voltage V_(OUT) in a more efficient manner thantypical power supply systems.

It is to be understood that the power stage 200 is not intended to belimited to the example of FIG. 5. For example, while the power stage 200is demonstrated as a buck-converter, other types of power supplies canbe implemented in the power stage, such as boost or buck-boostconverters. In addition, the power stage 200 is not limited toimplementing two N-type field effect transistors (FETs) for thetransistors, but could instead use a single switch, P-type switches, ora combination therein. Therefore, the power stage 100 can be configuredin a variety of ways.

In view of the foregoing structural and functional features describedabove, certain methods will be better appreciated with reference toFIGS. 6 and 7. It is to be understood and appreciated that theillustrated actions, in other embodiments, may occur in different ordersand/or concurrently with other actions. Moreover, not all illustratedfeatures may be required to implement a method.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a method 250 for generating a clocksignal via an oscillator system in accordance with an aspect of theinvention. At 252, a charging current is provided via a first currentpath that interconnects a first comparison node and a clock nodeassociated with the clock signal during a logic-high state of the clocksignal. The charging current can be provided during a logic-high stateof the clock signal. The first comparison node can correspond to aninput of a comparator and the clock node can correspond to an output ofthe comparator. At 254, a capacitor is charged via the charging currentto generate a first comparison voltage at the first comparison node. Thefirst comparison voltage can increase relatively slowly based on thecharging of the capacitor via a single current path.

At 256, the clock signal is set to a logic-low state in response to thefirst comparison voltage being greater than the second comparisonvoltage. The second comparison voltage can have a first magnitude duringthe logic-high state of the clock signal and a second magnitude duringthe logic-low state of the clock signal, with the first magnitude begingreater than the second magnitude. At 258, a discharge switch isactivated in response to the logic-low state of the clock signal toprovide a second current path. The discharge switch can be a transistorthat is activated by a signal having an inverted state of the clocksignal. At 260, the capacitor is discharged via the first current pathand the second current path during the logic-low state of the clocksignal. The capacitor can discharge more rapidly than charge based onthe two discharge current paths, thus resulting in a decrease in thecapacitor voltage that is more rapid than the increase. At 262, theclock signal is set to the logic-high state and the discharge switch isdeactivated in response to the second comparison voltage being greaterthan the first comparison voltage. The oscillator system thus repeatsoperation.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a method 300 for generating an outputvoltage via a power supply system in accordance with an aspect of theinvention. At 302, a magnitude of a reference voltage is set based on avalue of at least one digital signal. The reference voltage can be setbased on a DAC and can correspond to a desired magnitude of the outputvoltage. At 304, a scale factor of a feedback voltage that is associatedwith the output voltage is adjusted based on the at least one digitalsignal. The scale factor of the feedback voltage can be adjusted basedon generating a fine adjust voltage via a DAC and using the fine adjustvoltage to adjust a resistance of at least one variable resistor in avoltage divider that generates the feedback voltage based on the outputvoltage. Thus, the reference voltage can thus be adjusted to provide acoarse adjustment to the magnitude of the output voltage and thefeedback voltage can be adjusted to provide a fine adjustment to themagnitude of the output voltage.

At 306, an error voltage is generated based on a magnitude of thefeedback voltage associated with the output voltage relative to thereference voltage. The error voltage can be generated via an erroramplifier. At 308, a PWM signal is generated based on the error voltageand a clock signal. The clock signal can be generated by an oscillatorsystem, such as the oscillator system described in the examples of FIGS.2, 3, and 6. The PWM signal can be generated by comparing the errorvoltage with a ramp signal that is generated based on the clock signal.At 310, at least one switch is controlled based on the PWM signal togenerate the output voltage. The control of the switch can be based on aduty-cycle of the PWM signal, such as in a buck converter, to generatethe output voltage in a power stage. The power stage can include atransconductance amplifier to measure a magnitude of the output currentfor temperature compensated generation of the ramp signal.

What have been described above are examples of the invention. It is, ofcourse, not possible to describe every conceivable combination ofcomponents or method for purposes of describing the invention, but oneof ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many furthercombinations and permutations of the invention are possible.Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alterations,modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of thisapplication, including the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power supply system comprising: an erroramplifier system configured to generate an error voltage based on afeedback voltage of the power supply system relative to a referencevoltage; a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator comprising acomparator configured to generate a PWM signal based on the errorvoltage and a ramp signal; and a power stage configured to generate theoutput voltage based on the PWM signal, the power stage comprising atransconductance amplifier configured to generate atemperature-compensated sense current associated with a magnitude of anoutput current associated with the power stage, the ramp signal beinggenerated based on the temperature-compensated sense current, the powerstage further comprising a gain resistor interconnecting an output ofthe transconductance amplifier and a low-voltage rail, the gain resistorbeing configured to set a sense voltage associated with thetemperature-compensated sense current.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinthe PWM generator comprises a ramp generator configured to generate aramp voltage based on the clock signal, wherein the ramp voltage and thesense voltage are combined via respective resistors to generate the rampsignal.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the power stage comprises: aninductor and a first resistor coupled in series between a switching nodeand an output node; a second resistor interconnecting the switching nodeand an intermediate node; and a capacitor interconnecting theintermediate node and the output node.
 4. The system of claim 3, whereinthe transconductance amplifier comprises a first input coupled to theintermediate node and a second input coupled to the output node, thetransconductance amplifier being configured to monitor a voltage acrossthe capacitor.
 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising anoscillator system configured to generate a clock signal, wherein theramp signal is generated based on the temperature-compensated currentand a ramp current associated with the clock signal.
 6. The system ofclaim 5, wherein the oscillator system comprises: a capacitor that isconfigured to be repeatedly charged and discharged based on a state ofthe clock signal; and a comparator configured to compare a first voltageassociated with the capacitor at a first comparator node and a secondvoltage at a second comparator node, the second voltage having amagnitude that changes based on the state of the clock signal.
 7. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the oscillator system further comprises: afeedback circuit element interconnecting the clock node and the firstcomparator node and which is configured as a first discharge currentpath to substantially discharge the capacitor during the logic-low stateof the clock signal, and is configured as a charging current path tosubstantially charge the capacitor during a logic-high state of theclock signal; and a transistor that is configured to be activated duringthe logic-low state of the clock signal to provide a second dischargecurrent path to substantially discharge the capacitor in parallel withthe first discharge current path during the logic-low state of the clocksignal.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the oscillator system furthercomprises a feedback circuit element interconnecting the clock node andthe second comparator node, the second voltage having a first magnitudeduring the logic-high state of the clock signal and having a secondmagnitude during the logic-low state of the clock signal, the firstmagnitude being greater than the second magnitude.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, further comprising an output voltage tuning circuit configuredto set a desired magnitude of the output voltage in response to at leastone digital signal, the at least one digital signal being configured toset a magnitude of the reference voltage and to adjust a magnitude ofthe feedback voltage.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the outputvoltage tuning circuit comprises a first digital-to-analog converter(DAC) configured to generate the reference voltage and a second DACconfigured to generate a fine adjust voltage, the feedback voltagehaving a magnitude that is based on the fine adjust voltage and theoutput voltage.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the power stagecomprises a voltage divider configured to generate the feedback voltage,the voltage divider comprising at least one variable resistor, wherein aresistance magnitude of the at least one variable resistor is set basedon the at least one digital signal to adjust the magnitude of thefeedback voltage.
 12. A power supply system comprising: an erroramplifier system configured to generate an error voltage based on afeedback voltage of the power supply system relative to a referencevoltage; a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generator comprising acomparator configured to generate a PWM signal based on the errorvoltage and a ramp signal, and comprising a ramp generator configured togenerate a ramp voltage based on the clock signal; and a power stageconfigured to generate the output voltage based on the PWM signal, thepower stage comprising a transconductance amplifier configured togenerate a temperature-compensated sense current associated with amagnitude of an output current of the power stage, the ramp signal beinggenerated based on the temperature-compensated sense current and theramp voltage, wherein the temperature-compensated sense current iscombined with the ramp voltage via a resistor to generate the rampsignal.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the power stage furthercomprises a gain resistor interconnecting an output of thetransconductance amplifier and a low-voltage rail, the gain resistorbeing configured to set a current sense level associated with the powerstage.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the power stage comprises: aninductor and a first resistor coupled in series between a switching nodeand an output node; a second resistor interconnecting the switching nodeand an intermediate node; and a capacitor interconnecting theintermediate node and the output node.
 15. The system of claim 14,wherein the transconductance amplifier comprises a first input coupledto the intermediate node and a second input coupled to the output node,the transconductance amplifier being configured to monitor a voltageacross the capacitor.
 16. The system of claim 12, further comprising anoscillator system configured to generate a clock signal, wherein theramp signal is generated based on the temperature-compensated currentand a ramp current associated with the clock signal.
 17. A power supplysystem comprising: an oscillator system configured to generate a clocksignal; an error amplifier system configured to generate an errorvoltage based on a feedback voltage of the power supply system relativeto a reference voltage; a pulse-width modulation (PWM) generatorcomprising a comparator configured to generate a PWM signal based on theerror voltage and a ramp signal, and comprising a ramp generatorconfigured to generate a ramp voltage based on the clock signal; and apower stage configured to generate the output voltage based on the PWMsignal, the power stage comprising a transconductance amplifierconfigured to generate a temperature-compensated sense currentassociated with a magnitude of an output current of the power stage, theramp signal being generated based on the temperature-compensated sensecurrent and the ramp voltage, and further comprising a gain resistorinterconnecting an output of the transconductance amplifier and alow-voltage rail, the gain resistor being configured to set a currentsense level associated with the power stage.
 18. The system of claim 17,wherein the power stage comprises: an inductor and a first resistorcoupled in series between a switching node and an output node; a secondresistor interconnecting the switching node and an intermediate node;and a capacitor interconnecting the intermediate node and the outputnode, wherein the transconductance amplifier comprises a first inputcoupled to the intermediate node and a second input coupled to theoutput node, the transconductance amplifier being configured to monitora voltage across the capacitor.